1. Saraṇattayavaṇṇanā

Buddhavibhāvanā

IdāniV0.6 yaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘ buddhaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ , gamakañca vibhāvaye ’’ ti , tattha sabbadhammesu appaṭihatañāṇanimittānuttaravimokkhādhigamaparibhāvitaṃ khandhasantānamupādāya , paññattito sabbaññutaññāṇapadaṭṭhānaṃ vā saccābhisambodhimupādāya paññattito sattaviseso buddho .

Yathāha –

‘‘ BuddhotiM0.5 yo so bhagavā sayambhū anācariyako pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃ saccāni abhisambujjhi , tattha ca sabbaññutaṃ patto , balesu ca vasībhāvan ’’ ti ( mahāni .192; cūḷani . pārāyanatthutigāthāniddesa 97; paṭi . ma .1.161).

Ayaṃ tāva atthato buddhavibhāvanā .

Byañjanato pana ‘‘ bujjhitāti buddho , bodhetāti buddho ’’ ti evamādinā nayena veditabbo .

Vuttañcetaṃ –

‘‘ Buddhoti kenaṭṭhena buddho ?

Bujjhitā saccānīti buddho , bodhetā pajāyāti buddho , sabbaññutāya buddho , sabbadassāvitāya buddho , anaññaneyyatāya buddho , vikasitāyaP0.15 buddho , khīṇāsavasaṅkhātena buddho , nirupakkilesasaṅkhātena buddho , ekantavītarāgoti buddho , ekantavītadosoti buddho , ekantavītamohoti buddho , ekantanikkilesoti buddho , ekāyanamaggaṃ gatoti buddho , eko anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddhoti buddho , abuddhivihatattā buddhipaṭilābhā buddho .

Buddhoti netaṃ nāmaṃ mātarā kataṃ , na pitarā kataṃ , na bhātarā kataṃ , na bhaginiyā kataṃ , na mittāmaccehi kataṃ , na ñātisālohitehi kataṃ , na samaṇabrāhmaṇehi kataṃ , na devatāhi kataṃ , vimokkhantikametaṃ buddhānaṃ bhagavantānaṃ bodhiyā mūle saha sabbaññutaññāṇassa paṭilābhā sacchikāV0.7 paññatti yadidaṃ buddho ’’ ti ( mahāni .192; cūḷani . pārāyanatthutigāthāniddesa 97; paṭi . ma .1.162).

Ettha ca yathā loke avagantā avagatoti vuccati , evaṃ bujjhitā saccānīti buddho .

Yathā paṇṇasosā vātā paṇṇasusāti vuccanti , evaṃ bodhetā pajāyāti buddho .

Sabbaññutāya buddhoti sabbadhammabujjhanasamatthāya buddhiyā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti .

Sabbadassāvitāya buddhoti sabbadhammabodhanasamatthāya buddhiyā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti .

Anaññaneyyatāya buddhoti aññena abodhito sayameva buddhattā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti .

Vikasitāya buddhoti nānāguṇavikasanato padumamiva vikasanaṭṭhena buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti .

Khīṇāsavasaṅkhātena buddhoti evamādīhi cittasaṅkocakaradhammapahānatoM0.6 niddākkhayavibuddho puriso viya sabbakilesaniddākkhayavibuddhattā buddhoti vuttaṃ hoti .

Ekāyanamaggaṃ gatoti buddhoti buddhiyatthānaṃ gamanatthapariyāyato yathā maggaṃ gatopi puriso gatoti vuccati , evaṃ ekāyanamaggaṃ gatattāpi buddhoti vuccatīti dassetuṃ vuttaṃ .

Eko anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddhoti buddhoti na parehi buddhattā buddho , kintu sayameva anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddhattā buddhoti vuttaṃ hotiP0.16 .

Abuddhivihatattā buddhipaṭilābhā buddhoti buddhi buddhaṃ bodhoti pariyāyavacanametaṃ .

Tattha yathā nīlarattaguṇayogato ‘‘ nīlo paṭo , ratto paṭo ’’ ti vuccati , evaṃ buddhiguṇayogato buddhoti ñāpetuṃ vuttaṃ hoti .

Tato paraṃ buddhoti netaṃ nāman ti evamādi atthamanugatā ayaṃ paññattīti bodhanatthaṃ vuttanti evarūpena nayena sabbesaṃ padānaṃ buddhasaddassa sādhanasamattho attho veditabbo .

Ayaṃ byañjanatopi buddhavibhāvanā .

Saraṇagamanagamakavibhāvanā

Idāni saraṇagamanādīsu hiṃsatīti saraṇaṃ , saraṇagatānaṃ teneva saraṇagamanena bhayaṃ santāsaṃ dukkhaṃ duggatiṃ parikkilesaṃ hiṃsati vidhamati nīharati nirodhetīti attho .

Atha vā hite pavattanena ahitā ca nivattanena sattānaṃ bhayaṃ hiṃsatīti buddho , bhavakantārā uttaraṇena assāsadānena ca dhammo , appakānampi kārānaṃ vipulaphalapaṭilābhakaraṇena saṅgho .

Tasmā imināpi pariyāyena taṃ ratanattayaṃ saraṇaṃ .

Tappasādataggarutāhi vihataviddhaṃsitakileso tapparāyaṇatākārappavatto aparappaccayo vā cittuppādo saraṇagamanaṃ .

Taṃsamaṅgī satto taṃ saraṇaṃ gacchati , vuttappakārena cittuppādena ‘‘ esa me saraṇaṃ , esa me parāyaṇan ’’ ti evametaṃ upetīti atthoV0.8 .

Upento ca ‘‘ ete mayaṃ , bhante , bhagavantaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāma , dhammañca , upāsake no bhagavā dhāretū ’’ ti tapussabhallikādayoM0.7 viya samādānena vā ,‘‘ satthā me , bhante , bhagavā , sāvakohamasmī ’’ ti ( saṃ . ni .2.154) mahākassapādayo viya sissabhāvūpagamanena vā ,‘‘ evaṃ vutte brahmāyu brāhmaṇo uṭṭhāyāsanā ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā yena bhagavā tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā tikkhattuṃ udānaṃ udānesi ‘ namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa .

Namo tassa … pe … sammāsambuddhassā ’’’ tiP0.17 ( ma . ni .2.388) brahmāyuādayo viya tappoṇattena vā , kammaṭṭhānānuyogino viya attasanniyyātanena vā , ariyapuggalā viya saraṇagamanupakkilesasamucchedena vāti anekappakāraṃ visayato kiccato ca upeti .

Ayaṃ saraṇagamanassa gamakassa ca vibhāvanā .

Bhedābhedaphaladīpanā

Idāni ‘‘ bhedābhedaṃ phalañcāpi , gamanīyañca dīpaye ’’ ti vuttānaṃ bhedādīnaṃ ayaṃ dīpanā , evaṃ saraṇagatassa puggalassa duvidho saraṇagamanabhedo – sāvajjo ca anavajjo ca .

Anavajjo kālakiriyāya , sāvajjo aññasatthari vuttappakārappavattiyā , tasmiñca vuttappakāraviparītappavattiyā .

So duvidhopi puthujjanānameva .

Buddhaguṇesu aññāṇasaṃsayamicchāñāṇappavattiyā anādarādippavattiyā ca tesaṃ saraṇaṃ saṃkiliṭṭhaṃ hoti .

Ariyapuggalā pana abhinnasaraṇā ceva asaṃkiliṭṭhasaraṇā ca honti .

Yathāha ‘‘ aṭṭhānametaṃ , bhikkhave , anavakāso , yaṃ diṭṭhisampanno puggalo aññaṃ satthāraṃ uddiseyyā ’’ ti ( a . ni .1.276; ma . ni .3.128; vibha .809).

Puthujjanā tu yāvadeva saraṇabhedaṃ na pāpuṇanti , tāvadeva abhinnasaraṇā .

Sāvajjova nesaṃ saraṇabhedo , saṃkileso ca aniṭṭhaphalado hoti .

Anavajjo avipākattā aphalo , abhedo pana phalato iṭṭhameva phalaṃ deti .

Yathāha –

‘‘ YekeciM0.8 buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gatāse , na te gamissanti apāyabhūmiṃ ;

Pahāya mānusaṃ dehaṃ , devakāyaṃ paripūressantī ’’ ti .( dī . ni .2.332; saṃ . ni .1.37);

TatraV0.9 ca ye saraṇagamanupakkilesasamucchedena saraṇaṃ gatā , te apāyaṃ na gamissanti .

Itare pana saraṇagamanena na gamissantīti evaṃ gāthāya adhippāyo veditabbo .

Ayaṃ tāva bhedābhedaphaladīpanā .

Gamanīyadīpanā

Gamanīyadīpanāyaṃ codako āha –

‘‘ buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmī ’’ ti ettha yo buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchati , esa buddhaṃ vā gaccheyya saraṇaṃ vā , ubhayathāpi ca ekassa vacanaṃ niratthakaṃ .

Kasmā ?

Gamanakiriyāya kammadvayābhāvato .

Na hettha ‘‘ ajaṃ gāmaṃ netī ’’ tiādīsu viya dvikammakattaṃ akkharacintakā icchanti .

‘‘ Gacchateva pubbaṃP0.18 disaṃ , gacchati pacchimaṃ disan ’’ tiādīsu ( saṃ . ni .1.159;3.87) viya sātthakamevāti ce ?

Na , buddhasaraṇānaṃ samānādhikaraṇabhāvassānadhippetato .

Etesañhi samānādhikaraṇabhāve adhippete paṭihatacittopi buddhaṃ upasaṅkamanto buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gato siyā .

Yañhi taṃ buddhoti visesitaṃ saraṇaṃ , tamevesa gatoti .

‘‘ Etaṃ kho saraṇaṃ khemaṃ , etaṃ saraṇamuttaman ’’ ti ( dha . pa .192) vacanato samānādhikaraṇattamevāti ce ?

Na , tattheva tabbhāvato .

Tattheva hi gāthāpade etaṃ buddhādiratanattayaṃ saraṇagatānaṃ bhayaharaṇattasaṅkhāte saraṇabhāve abyabhicaraṇato ‘‘ khemamuttamañca saraṇan ’’ ti ayaṃ samānādhikaraṇabhāvo adhippeto , aññattha tu gamisambandhe sati saraṇagamanassa appasiddhito anadhippetoti asādhakametaṃ .

‘‘ EtaṃM0.9 saraṇamāgamma , sabbadukkhā pamuccatī ’’ ti ettha gamisambandhepi saraṇagamanapasiddhito samānādhikaraṇattamevāti ce ?

Na pubbe vuttadosappasaṅgato .

Tatrāpi hi samānādhikaraṇabhāve sati etaṃ buddhadhammasaṅghasaraṇaṃ paṭihatacittopi āgamma sabbadukkhā pamucceyyāti evaṃ pubbe vuttadosappasaṅgo eva siyā , na ca no dosena atthi atthoti asādhakametaṃ .

Yathā ‘‘ mamañhi , ānanda , kalyāṇamittaṃ āgamma jātidhammā sattā jātiyā parimuccantī ’’ ti ( saṃ . ni .1.129) ettha bhagavato kalyāṇamittassa ānubhāvena parimuccamānā sattā ‘‘ kalyāṇamittaṃ āgamma parimuccantī ’’ ti vuttā .

Evamidhāpi buddhadhammasaṅghassa saraṇassānubhāvena muccamāno ‘‘ etaṃ saraṇamāgamma , sabbadukkhā pamuccatī ’’ ti vuttoti evamettha adhippāyo veditabbo .

Evaṃ sabbathāpi na buddhassa gamanīyattaṃ yujjati , na saraṇassa , na ubhayesaṃ , icchitabbañcaV0.10 gacchāmīti niddiṭṭhassa gamakassa gamanīyaṃ , tato vattabbā ettha yuttīti .

Vuccate –

Buddhoyevettha gamanīyo , gamanākāradassanatthaṃ tu taṃ saraṇavacanaṃ , buddhaṃ saraṇanti gacchāmi .

Esa me saraṇaṃ , esa me parāyaṇaṃ , aghassa , tātā , hitassa ca vidhātātiP0.19 iminā adhippāyena etaṃ gacchāmi bhajāmi sevāmi payirupāsāmi , evaṃ vā jānāmi bujjhāmīti .

Yesañhi dhātūnaṃ gatiattho buddhipi tesaṃ atthoti .

Iti-saddassa appayogā ayuttamiti ce ?

Taṃ na .

Tattha siyā – yadi cettha evamattho bhaveyya , tato ‘‘ aniccaṃ rūpaṃ aniccaṃ rūpanti yathābhūtaṃ pajānātī ’’ ti evamādīsu ( saṃ . ni .3.55,85) viya iti-saddo payutto siyā , na ca payutto , tasmā ayuttametanti .

Tañca na , kasmā ?

Tadatthasambhavā .

‘‘ Yo ca buddhañca dhammañca saṅghañca saraṇaṃ gato ’’ ti evamādīsu ( dha . pa .190) viya idhāpi iti-saddassa attho sambhavati , na ca vijjamānatthasambhavā iti-saddā sabbattha payujjanti , appayuttassāpettha payuttassa viya iti-saddassa attho viññātabbo aññesu ca evaṃjātikesu , tasmā adoso eva soti .

‘‘ Anujānāmi , bhikkhave , tīhi saraṇagamanehi pabbajjan ’’ tiādīsu ( mahāva .34) saraṇasseva gamanīyato yaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘ gamanākāradassanatthaṃ tu saraṇavacanan ’’ ti , taṃ na yuttamiti ce .

TaṃM0.10 nāyuttaṃ .

Kasmā ?

Tadatthasambhavā eva .

Tatrāpi hi tassa attho sambhavati , yato pubbasadisameva appayuttopi payutto viya veditabbo .

Itarathā hi pubbe vuttadosappasaṅgo eva siyā , tasmā yathānusiṭṭhameva gahetabbaṃ .

Ayaṃ gamanīyadīpanā .

Dhammasaṅghasaraṇavibhāvanā

Idāni yaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘ dhammaṃ saraṇamiccādi , dvayepesa nayo mato ’’ ti ettha vuccate – yvāyaṃ ‘‘ buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmī ’’ ti ettha atthavaṇṇanānayo vutto ,‘‘ dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi , saṅghaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmī ’’ ti etasmimpi padadvaye esova veditabbo .

Tatrāpi hi dhammasaṅghānaṃ atthato byañjanato ca vibhāvanamattameva asadisaṃ , sesaṃ vuttasadisameva .

Yato yadevettha asadisaṃ , taṃ vuccate – maggaphalanibbānāni dhammoti eke .

Bhāvitamaggānaṃ sacchikatanibbānānañca apāyesu apatanabhāvena dhāraṇato paramassāsavidhānato ca maggavirāgā eva imasmiṃ atthe dhammoti amhākaṃ khanti , aggappasādasuttañceva sādhakaṃ .

Vuttañcettha ‘‘ yāvatā , bhikkhave , dhammā saṅkhatāV0.11 , ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo tesaṃ aggamakkhāyatī ’’ ti evamādiP0.20 ( a . ni .4.34; itivu .90).

Catubbidhaariyamaggasamaṅgīnaṃ catusāmaññaphalasamadhivāsitakhandhasantānānañca puggalānaṃ samūho diṭṭhisīlasaṅghātena saṃhatattā saṅgho .

Vuttañcetaṃ bhagavatā –

‘‘ Taṃ kiṃ maññasi , ānanda , ye vo mayā dhammā abhiññā desitā , seyyathidaṃ , cattāro satipaṭṭhānā , cattāro sammappadhānā , cattāro iddhipādā , pañcindriyāni , pañca balāni , satta bojjhaṅgā , ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo , passasi no tvaṃ , ānanda , imesu dhammesu dvepi bhikkhū nānāvāde ’’ ti ( ma . ni .3.43).

Ayañhi paramatthasaṅgho saraṇanti gamanīyo .

Sutte ca ‘‘ āhuneyyo pāhuneyyo dakkhiṇeyyo añjalikaraṇīyo anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassā ’’ tiM0.11 ( itivu .90; a . ni .4.34,181) vutto .

Etaṃ pana saraṇaṃ gatassa aññasmimpi bhikkhusaṅghe vā bhikkhunisaṅghe vā buddhappamukhe vā saṅghe sammutisaṅghe vā catuvaggādibhede ekapuggalepi vā bhagavantaṃ uddissa pabbajite vandanādikiriyāya saraṇagamanaṃ neva bhijjati na saṃkilissati , ayamettha viseso .

Vuttāvasesantu imassa dutiyassa ca saraṇagamanassa bhedābhedādividhānaṃ pubbe vuttanayeneva veditabbaṃ .

Ayaṃ tāva ‘‘ dhammaṃ saraṇamiccādi , dvayepesa nayo mato ’’ ti etassa vaṇṇanā .

Anupubbavavatthānakāraṇaniddeso

Idāni anupubbavavatthāne , kāraṇañca viniddiseti ettha etesu ca tīsu saraṇavacanesu sabbasattānaṃ aggoti katvā paṭhamaṃ buddho , tappabhavato tadupadesitato ca anantaraṃ dhammo , tassa dhammassa ādhārakato tadāsevanato ca ante saṅgho .

Sabbasattānaṃ vā hite niyojakoti katvā paṭhamaṃ buddho , tappabhavato sabbasattahitattā anantaraṃ dhammo , hitādhigamāya paṭipanno adhigatahito cāti katvā ante saṅgho saraṇabhāvena vavatthapetvā pakāsitoti evaṃ anupubbavavatthāne kāraṇañca viniddise .

Upamāpakāsanā

IdāniV0.12 yampi vuttaṃ ‘‘ saraṇattayametañca , upamāhi pakāsaye ’’ tiP0.21 , tampi vuccate – ettha pana puṇṇacando viya buddho , candakiraṇanikaro viya tena desito dhammo , puṇṇacandakiraṇasamuppāditapīṇito loko viya saṅgho .

Bālasūriyo viya buddho , tassa rasmijālamiva vuttappakāro dhammo , tena vihatandhakāro loko viya saṅgho .

Vanadāhakapuriso viya buddho , vanadahanaggi viya kilesavanadahano dhammo , daḍḍhavanattā khettabhūto viya bhūmibhāgo daḍḍhakilesattā puññakkhettabhūto saṅgho .

Mahāmegho viya buddho , salilavuṭṭhi viya dhammo , vuṭṭhinipātūpasamitareṇu viya janapado upasamitakilesareṇu saṅgho .

SusārathiM0.12 viya buddho , assājānīyavinayūpāyo viya dhammo , suvinītassājānīyasamūho viya saṅgho .

Sabbadiṭṭhisalluddharaṇato sallakatto viya buddho , salluddharaṇūpāyo viya dhammo , samuddhaṭasallo viya jano samuddhaṭadiṭṭhisallo saṅgho .

Mohapaṭalasamuppāṭanato vā sālākiyo viya buddho , paṭalasamuppāṭanupāyo viya dhammo , samuppāṭitapaṭalo vippasannalocano viya jano samuppāṭitamohapaṭalo vippasannañāṇalocano saṅgho .

Sānusayakilesabyādhiharaṇasamatthatāya vā kusalo vejjo viya buddho , sammā payuttabhesajjamiva dhammo , bhesajjapayogena samupasantabyādhi viya janasamudāyo samupasantakilesabyādhānusayo saṅgho .

Atha vā sudesako viya buddho , sumaggo viya khemantabhūmi viya ca dhammo , maggappaṭipanno khemantabhūmippatto viya saṅgho .

Sunāviko viya buddho , nāvā viya dhammo , pārappatto sampattiko viya jano saṅgho .

Himavā viya buddho , tappabhavosadhamiva dhammo , osadhūpabhogena nirāmayo viya jano saṅgho .

Dhanado viya buddho , dhanaṃ viya dhammo , yathādhippāyaṃ laddhadhano viya jano sammāladdhaariyadhano saṅgho .

Nidhidassanako viyaP0.22 buddho , nidhi viya dhammo , nidhippatto viya jano saṅgho .

Apica abhayado viya vīrapuriso buddho , abhayamiva dhammo , sampattābhayo viya jano accantasabbabhayo saṅgho .

Assāsako viya buddho , assāso viya dhammo , assatthajano viya saṅgho .

Sumitto viya buddho , hitūpadeso viya dhammo , hitūpayogena pattasadattho viya jano saṅgho .

Dhanākaro viya buddho , dhanasāro viya dhammo , dhanasārūpabhogo viya jano saṅgho .

Rājakumāranhāpako viya buddho , sīsanhānasalilaṃ viya dhammo , sunhātarājakumāravaggo viya saddhammasalilasunhāto saṅgho .

Alaṅkārakārako viya buddho , alaṅkāro viya dhammo , alaṅkatarājaputtagaṇoV0.13 viya saddhammālaṅkato saṅgho .

Candanarukkho viya buddho , tappabhavagandho viya dhammo , candanupabhogena santapariḷāho viya jano saddhammūpabhogena santapariḷāho saṅgho .

Dāyajjasampadānako viya pitā buddho , dāyajjaṃ viya dhammo , dāyajjaharo puttavaggo viya saddhammadāyajjaharo saṅgho .

VikasitapadumaṃM0.13 viya buddho , tappabhavamadhu viya dhammo , tadupabhogībhamaragaṇo viya saṅgho .

Evaṃ saraṇattayametañca , upamāhi pakāsaye .

Ettāvatā ca yā pubbe ‘‘ kena kattha kadā kasmā , bhāsitaṃ saraṇattayan ’’ tiādīhi catūhi gāthāhi atthavaṇṇanāya mātikā nikkhittā , sā atthato pakāsitā hotīti .

Paramatthajotikāya khuddakapāṭha-aṭṭhakathāya

Saraṇattayavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā .

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